If you only have time for 4 articles read these.
More Articles
Book Chapters
†Goodman, F.R., †Larrazabal, M., Kashdan, T.B., & †West, J. (2019). Experiential avoidance across anxiety disorders (pp. 255-281). In B. O. Olatunji (Ed). Cambridge Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
If you only have time for 4 articles read these.
NOTE: Get the 5DCR in MSWord. See the above article with correlates and psychometrics. Stop using the 5DC. The revised scale has stronger psychometrics, each subscale is shorter, and social curiosity has been split into overt and covert dimensions.
More Articles
Kashdan, T.B. (2015). Companies value curiosity but stifle it anyway. Harvard Business Review
Supplemental Table 1: College Informant Rated Correlates of Curiosity
Supplemental Table 2: Behavioral Correlates of Curiosity by Multiple Informants
Supplemental Table 3: Self Rated Correlates of Curiosity
Supplemental Table 4: Two Experts Predicted Behavioral Correlates of Curiosity
Book Chapters
Silvia, P., & Kashdan, T.B. (in press). Curiosity and interest: The benefits of thriving on novelty and challenge. In S.J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (3rd Ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Kashdan, T.B., & Silvia, P. (2011). Curiosity as a social lubricant: Transforming conversations to be interesting, engaging, and meaningful. In J. J. Froh & A. Parks-Sheiner (Eds.),Positive psychology in higher education: A practical workbook for the classroom. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Kashdan, T.B., & Silvia, P. (2009). Curiosity and interest: The benefits of thriving on novelty and challenge. In S.J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (2nd Ed.) (pp. 367-375). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Kashdan, T.B., & Silvia, P. (2009). Curiosity. In S.J. Lopez, (Ed.), Encyclopedia of positive psychology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Kashdan, T.B., Steger, M.F., & †Breen, W.E. (2007). Curiosity. In R. Baumeister & K. Vohs (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Social Psychology (pp. 213-215). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kashdan, T.B. (2004). Curiosity. In C. Peterson and M.E.P. Seligman, (Ed.), Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (pp. 125-141). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association and Oxford University Press.
Kashdan, T.B., & Fincham, F.D. (2004). Facilitating curiosity: A social and self-regulatory perspective for scientifically based interventions. In P.A. Linley & S. Joseph, (Ed.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 482-503). New Jersey: Wiley.
If you only have time for 4 articles read these.
• *McKnight, P.E., & *Kashdan, T.B. (2009). Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and well-being: An integrative, testable theory. Review of General Psychology, 13, 242-251. *- equal contribution
• *Kashdan, T.B., & *McKnight, P.E. (2009). Origins of purpose in life: Refining our understanding of a life well lived. Psychological Topics, 18, 303-316. [Special Issue on Positive Psychology] *- equal contribution
More Articles
†Goodman, F.R., & Kashdan, T. B. (in press). The most important life goals of people with and without social anxiety disorder: Focusing on emotional interference and uncovering meaning in life. Journal of Positive Psychology
Book Chapters
Steger, M. F., Sheline, K., Merriman, L., & Kashdan, T. B. (2013). Using the science of meaning to invigorate values-congruent, purpose driven action. In T.B. Kashdan, & J. Ciarrochi (Ed.), Mindfulness, acceptance, and positive psychology: The seven foundations of well-being (pp. 240-266). New Harbinger Publications, Inc.: Oakland, CA.
Steger, M.F., Beeby, A., Garrett, S., & Kashdan, T.B. (2013). Creating a stable architectural framework of existence: Proposing a model of lifelong meaning. In S. David, I. Boniwell, & Ayers, A.C. (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Happiness (pp. 941-954). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
If you only have time to read 4 articles, read these.
More Articles
Kaczmarek, L.D., Kashdan, T.B., Behnke, M., Dziekan, M., Matuła, E., Kosakowski, M., Enko, J., Guzik, P. (in press). Positive emotions boost enthusiastic responsiveness to capitalization attempts. Dissecting self-report, physiology, and behavior. Journal of Happiness Studies.
Kaczmarek, L. D., †Kelso, K., Behnke, M., Kashdan, T.B., Dziekan, M., Matuła, E., Kosakowski, M., Enko, J., & Guzik, P. (in press). Give and take: The role of reciprocity in capitalization. Journal of Positive Psychology
†Goodman, F.R., †Disabato, D.J., Kashdan, T.B., & Kaufman, S.B. (2018). Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. Journal of Positive Psychology, 13, 321-332.†Goodman, F.R.,
†Goodman, F.R.,†Disabato, D.J., & Kashdan, T.B. (2018). Integrating psychological strengths under the umbrella of personality science: An illustration of how positive psychology relates to psychopathology. Journal of Positive Psychology, 423-434.
*Biswas-Diener, R., *Kashdan, T.B., & King, L.A. (2009). Two traditions of happiness research, not two distinct types of happiness. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 208-211. *- equal contribution
Kashdan, T.B., *Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L.A. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 219-233. *- equal contribution
All measures and scales available for free use in science or practice. No need to ask!
Psychological Flexibility
Personalized Psychological Flexibility Index DOWNLOAD
Kashdan, T.B., Disabato, D.J., Goodman, F.R., Doorley, J.D., & McKnight, P.E. (2020). Understanding psychological flexibility: A multimethod exploration of pursuing valued goals despite the presence of distress. Psychological Assessment, 32, 829-850.
Curiosity Scales
The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale-Revised (5DCR) DOWNLOAD
Kashdan, T.B., †Disabato, D.J., †Goodman, F.R., & McKnight, P.E. (2021). The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale Revised (5DCR): Briefer subscales while separating overt and covert social curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences
Article above with correlates and psychometrics. Stop using the 5DC. The revised scale has stronger psychometrics, each subscale is shorter, and social curiosity has been split into overt and covert dimensions.
The M-Workplace Curiosity Scale DOWNLOAD
Kashdan, T.B., †Goodman, F.R., †Disabato, D.J., McKnight, P.E., †Kelso, K., & Naughton, C. (2021). Curiosity has comprehensive benefits in the workplace: Developing and validating a multidimensional workplace curiosity scale in United States and German employees. Personality and Individual Differences
The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale (5DC)
Kashdan, T.B., †Stiksma, M.C.,†Disabato, D., McKnight, P.E., Bekier, J., Kaji, J., & Lazarus, R. (2018). The five-dimensional curiosity scale: Capturing the bandwidth of curiosity and identifying four unique subgroups of curious people. Journal of Research in Personality, 73, 130-149. NOTE: download a copy of the measure here in MSWord.
Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II
Kashdan, T.B., Gallagher, M.W., Silvia, P.J., Winterstein, B.P., Breen, W.E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M.F. (2009). The Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and initial psychometrics. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 987-998.
Curiosity and Exploration Inventory
Kashdan, T.B., Rose, P., & Fincham, F.D. (2004). Curiosity and exploration: Facilitating positive subjective experiences and personal growth opportunities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82, 291-305.
Purpose in Life
Everyday effort and progress toward a purpose in life
Kashdan, T.B., & McKnight, P.E. (2013). Commitment to a purpose in life: An antidote to the suffering by individuals with social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 13, 1150-1159. See p.1153
Experiential Avoidance
Momentary experiential avoidance (for experiments or experience sampling studies)
Kashdan, T.B., Goodman, F.R., Machell, K.A., Kleiman, E.M., Monfort, S.S., Ciarrochi, J., & Nezlek, J.B. (2014). A contextual approach to experiential avoidance and social anxiety: Evidence from an experimental interaction and daily interactions of people with social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 14, 769-781.
Evidence for anxiety and experiential avoidance as two separate but related factors for Study 1 can be found on p. 773 of the results. For a replication in Study 2, see Table 3 and on p.9. NOTE: for Table 3, there is an error and the second anxiety item should be: ““I was worried that I would say or do the wrong things.”
First paper that uses the experiential avoidance scale in Kashdan et al. (2014)
Affective Styles Habitual attempts to conceal or suppress affect (Concealing subscale), a general ability to manage, adjust, and work with emotions as needed (Adjusting subscale), and an accepting and tolerant attitude toward emotions (Tolerating subscale).
Hofmann, S.G., & Kashdan, T.B. (2010). The Affective Style Questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 255-263.
Personality Strengths
Perceived Benefits and Costs of Romantic Partner Strengths
Kashdan, T.B., Blalock, D.V., Young, K.C., Machell, K.A., Monfort, S.S., McKnight, P.E., & Ferssizidis, P. (in press). Personality strengths in romantic relationships: Measuring perceptions of benefits and costs and their impact on personal and relational well-being. Psychological Assessment
Strength Balance
Young, K.C., Kashdan, T.B., & Macatee, R. (2014). Strength balance and implicit strength measurement: New considerations for research on strengths of character. Journal of Positive Psychology, 10, 17-24. See p. 4 for the operationalization of strength balance
Social Anxiety
If you only have time for 6 articles, read these.
• †Goodman, F.R., †Kelso, K., Wiernik, B., & Kashdan, T.B. (2021). Social comparisons and social anxiety in daily life: An experience-sampling approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 130, 468-489.
• Kashdan, T.B. & †Farmer, A. (2014). Social anxiety . Noba Project
• Kashdan, T.B.,†Adams, L., †Farmer, A., †Ferssizidis, P., McKnight, P.E., & Nezlek, J.B. (2014). Sexual healing: Daily diary investigation of the benefits of intimate and pleasurable sexual activity in socially anxious adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 1417-1429.
• Kashdan, T.B.,†Farmer, A., †Adams, L., †Ferssizidis, P., McKnight, P.E., & Nezlek, J.B. (2013). Distinguishing healthy adults from people with social anxiety disorder: Evidence for the value of experiential avoidance and positive emotions in everyday social interactions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 645-655.
Kashdan, T.B., Weeks, J.W., & †Savostyanova, A.A. (2011). Whether, how, and when social anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: A self-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 786-799.
• Kashdan, T.B., & McKnight, P.E. (2010). The darker side of social anxiety: When aggressive impulsivity prevails over shy inhibition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 47-50.
More Articles.
†Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., & †Imanogulu, A. (in press). Valuing emotional control in social anxiety disorder: A multi-method study of emotion beliefs and emotion regulation. Emotion
†Goodman, F. R., & Kashdan, T.B. (in press). The most important life goals of people with and without social anxiety disorder: Focusing on emotional interference and uncovering meaning in life. Journal of Positive Psychology
†Doorley, J.D., †Goodman, F.R., †Disabato, D.J., Kashdan, T.B., Weinstein, J.S., & Schackman, A.J. (2021). The momentary benefits of positive events for individuals with elevated social anxiety. Emotion, 21, 595-606.
†Doorley, J.D., †Volgenau, K.M., †Kelso, K.C., Kashdan, T.B., & Shackman, A.J. (2020). Do people with elevated social anxiety respond differently to digital and face-to-face communications? Two daily diary studies with null effects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 859-865.
†Goodman, F.R., Kashdan, T.B., †Stiksma, M.C., & †Blalock, D.V. (2019). Personal strivings to understand anxiety disorders: Social anxiety as an exemplar. Clinical Psychological Science, 7 ,283-301.
†Goodman, F.R., †Stiksman, M.C., & Kashdan, T.B. (2018). Social anxiety and the quality of everyday social interactions: The moderating effect of alcohol consumption. Behavior Therapy, 49, 373-387.
†Blalock, D., Kashdan, T.B., & McKnight, P.E. (2018). High risk, high reward: Daily perceptions of social challenge and performance in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 54, 57-64.
Kashdan, T.B., †Doorley, J., †Stiksma, M., & Hertenstein, M. (2017). Discomfort and avoidance of touch: New insights on the emotional deficits of social anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 1638-1646.
†Blalock, D.V.,Kashdan, T.B., & †Farmer, A. S.(2016). Trait and daily emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: Differential effects of positive and negative emotion regulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40, 416-425.
†Machell, K.A., †Blalock, D.V., Kashdan, T.B., & Yuen, M. (2016). Academic achievement at the cost of ambition: The mixed results of a supportive, interactive environment on socially anxious teenagers. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 166-171.
†Farmer, A., & Kashdan, T.B., (2015). Stress sensitivity and stress generation in social anxiety disorder: A temporal process approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 102-114.
†Afram, A., & Kashdan, T.B. (2015). Coping with rejection concerns in romantic relationships: An experimental investigation of social anxiety and risk regulation rigidity. Journal of Contextual and Behavioral Science, 4, 151-156.
Kashdan, T.B., †Goodman, F.R., †Machell, K.A., †Kleiman, E.M., †Monfort, S.S., Ciarrochi, J., & Nezlek, J.B. (2014). A contextual approach to experiential avoidance and social anxiety: Evidence from an experimental interaction and daily interactions of people with social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 14, 769-781.
*Kashdan, T.B., & *†Farmer, A. (2014). Differentiating emotions across contexts: Comparing adults with and without social anxiety disorder using random, social interaction, and daily experience sampling. Emotion, 14, 629-638.
†Farmer, A., & Kashdan, T.B., (2014). Affective and self-esteem instability in the daily lives of people with generalized social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 187-201.
Kashdan, T.B., & McKnight, P.E. (2013). Commitment to a purpose in life: An antidote to the suffering by individuals with social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 13, 1150-1159.
Kashdan, T.B.,†Ferssizidis, P., †Farmer, A., †Adams, L., & McKnight, P.E. (2013). Failure to capitalize on sharing good news with romantic partners: Exploring positivity deficits of socially anxious people with self-reports, partner-reports, and behavioral observations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 656-668.
†Farmer, A.S., & Kashdan, T.B. (2012). Social anxiety and emotion regulation in daily life: Spillover effects on positive and negative social events. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 152-162. [Special Issue on Positivity Deficits in Social Anxiety Disorder]
Kashdan, T.B., †Adams, L., †Savostyanova, A.A., †Ferssizidis, P., McKnight, P.E., & Nezlek, J.B. (2011). Effects of social anxiety and depressive symptoms on the frequency and quality of sexual activity: A daily process approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 352-360.
Kashdan, T.B., & Roberts, J.E. (2011). Comorbid social anxiety disorder in clients with depressive disorders: Predicting changes in depressive symptoms, therapeutic relationships, and focus of attention in group treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 875-884.
*Kashdan, T.B., & †*Savostyanova, A.A. (2011). Capturing the biases of socially anxious people by addressing partner effects and situational parameters. Behavior Therapy, 42, 211-223. *- equal contribution
†Breen, W.E., & Kashdan, T.B. (2011). Anger suppression after imagined rejection among individuals with social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 879-887.
Kashdan, T.B., †Breen, W.E., †Terhar, D., & †Afram, A. (2010). Experiential avoidance in idiographic, autobiographical memories: Construct validity and links to social anxiety, depressive, and anger symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 528-534.
Kashdan, T.B., & Collins, R.L. (2010). Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotions and anger in everyday life: An ecological momentary assessment approach. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23, 259-272. [Special Issue: Advances in the Research on Social Anxiety and its Disorder]
*Kashdan, T.B., *McKnight, P.E., Richey, J.A., & Hofmann, S.G. (2009). When social anxiety disorder co-exists with risk-prone, approach behavior: Investigating a neglected, meaningful subset of people in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 559-568. *- equal contributions
Kashdan, T.B., Morina, N., & Priebe, S. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression in survivors of the Kosovo War: Experiential avoidance as a contributor to distress and quality of life. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 185-196.
Kashdan, T.B., Elhai, J.D., & †Breen, W.E. (2008). Social anxiety and disinhibition: An analysis of curiosity and social rank appraisals, approach-avoidance conflicts, and disruptive risk-taking behavior. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 925-939.
Kashdan, T.B. & Hofmann, M.F. (2008). The high novelty seeking, impulsive subtype of generalized social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 535-541.
Kashdan, T.B., & †Breen, W.E. (2008). Social anxiety and positive emotions: A prospective examination of a self-regulatory model with tendencies to suppress or express emotions as a moderating variable. Behavior Therapy, 39, 1-12.
Almeida, L., Kashdan, T.B., Coelho, R., Albino-Teixeira, A., & Soares-da-Silva, P. (2008). Who volunteers for phase I clinical trial studies? Influences of anxiety, social anxiety and depressive symptoms on self-selection and reporting of adverse events. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 64, 575-582.
Kashdan, T.B. (2007). Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 348-365.
Kashdan, T.B. (2007). New perspectives on social anxiety: Addressing the positive spectrum of human functioning. Anxiety Disorders: A Quarterly Report, 4, 1-5.
Kashdan, T.B., & Roberts, J.E. (2007). Social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and post-event rumination: Affective consequences and social contextual influences. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 284-301.
Kashdan, T.B., †Volkmann, J., †Breen, W.E., & †Han, S. (2007). Social anxiety and emotion regulation in romantic relationships: The costs and benefits of negative emotion expression are context-dependent. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 475-492.
Kashdan, T.B., & Steger, M. (2006). Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience sampling assessment of positive emotions and events, and emotion suppression. Psychological Science, 17, 120-128.
Kashdan, T.B., Julian, T., †Merritt , K., & Uswatte, G. (2006). Social anxiety and posttraumatic stress in combat veterans: Relations to well-being and character strengths. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 561-583.
Kashdan, T.B., Frueh, B.C., Knapp, R., Hebert, R., & Magruder, K. (2006). Social anxiety disorder in veterans affairs primary care clinics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 233-247.
Kashdan, T.B., Collins, R.L., & Elhai, J.D. (2006). Social anxiety, positive outcome expectancies, and risk-taking behavioral intentions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 749-761.
Kashdan, T.B., & Roberts, J.E. (2006). Affective outcomes and cognitive processes in superficial and intimate interactions: Roles of social anxiety and curiosity. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 140-167.
Kashdan, T.B., & Wenzel, A. (2005). A transactional approach to social anxiety and the genesis of interpersonal closeness: Self, partner, and social context. Behavior Therapy, 36, 335-346.
Kashdan, T.B., & Roberts, J.E. (2004). Social anxiety’s impact on affect, curiosity, and social self-efficacy during a high self-focus social threat situation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 119-141.
Kashdan, T.B. (2004). The neglected relationship between social interaction anxiety and hedonic deficits: Differentiation from depressive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 719-730.
Kashdan, T.B. (2002). Social anxiety dimensions, neuroticism, and the contours of positive psychological functioning. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 789-810.
Kashdan, T.B., & Herbert, J.D. (2001). Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Current status and future directions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 37-61.
Book Chapters
Kashdan, T.B., & Weeks, J.W. (2010). Social anxiety, positive experiences, and positive events. In S.G. Hofmann & P.M. Dibartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (pp. 447-469). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
†Breen, W.E., & Kashdan, T.B. (2009). Social anxiety. In W.A. Darity (Eds.). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan.